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primitive subsistence agriculture The primitive subsistence agriculture or shifting cultivation is characterised by the following features: (i) Sites for the shifting cultivation are usually selected in the virgin forest by the experienced elders. Hill slopes are preferred because of better drainage. Many shifting cultivation are located in the remote interiors, far from the main population centres. This is partly for historical reasons as most shifting cultivators have been forced into less favourable areas by the expansion of more advanced farmers into the lower and better lands. Their isolation hinders their progress and makes the spread of new ideas more difficult. (ii) The forests are usually cleared by fire and the ashes add to the fertility of the soil. Trees that are not burnt are hacked out by the men or left to decay naturally. Shifting cultivation is thus also called ‘slash-and-burn agriculture’. (iii) The cultivated patches are usually very smal...

Ecosystem: Plants, animals, and human beings depend on their immediate surroundings. They are often interdependent for many reasons. These relations of dependence and interdependence together constitute an ecosystem. In other words, an ecosystem is a system formed as a result of the interactions of all living organisms with each other, and with the physical and chemical factors of the environment in which they live. Natural Environment The environment is our basic life supporting system. Any environment which is found naturally is known as a natural environment. Natural environment refers to both biotic and abiotic conditions existing on the earth. The environment that consists of all objects created by nature is called natural environment. The natural environment comprises land, water, air, plants and animals. In other words, they are known as lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Components of Environment There are three major components of the environment, nam...

The Indus River System The river Indus originates in Tibet; near Lake Mansarowar. It enters India in the Ladakh district of Jammu & Kashmir. Zaskar, Nubra, Shyok and Hunza are the main tributaries which join the Indus in Kashmir region. After flowing through Baltistan and Gilgit, the Indus emerges from the mountains at Attock. Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum join together and enter the Indus near Mithankot in Pakistan. After that, the Indus flows southwards and finally reaches the Arabian Sea, east of Karachi. Indus is 2900 km long. The Indus plain has a very gentle slope. A little over one-third of the Indus basin is located in India; in the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. The rest of the portion is in Pakistan.

Primitive Subsistence Farming 1. This type of farming is practiced on small patches of land. 2. Primitive tools and family/community labour are used in this type of farming. 3.The farming mainly depends on monsoon and natural fertility of soil. 4. Crops are grown as per the suitability of the environmental condition. 5. This is also called ‘slash and burn’ agriculture. A patch of land is cleared by slashing the vegetation and then the slashed plants are burnt. The ash; thus obtained is mixed with the soil and crops are grown. 6.This type of farming produces just enough crops to sustain the family. 7.After a couple of seasons, the patch is left fallow and a new patch of land is prepared for farming. This allows the earlier patch of land to replenish its fertility through the natural process. Different Names of Slash and Burn Farming: Name Regions Jhumming Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland Pamlou Manipur Dipa Ba...

The main drainage patterns formed by rivers are    1. Dendritic drainage pattern : This drainage system is formed when the river channel follows the slope of the terrain. Because many tributaries join the main river, this drainage system appears like the branches of trees.  2. Trellis : The trellis pattern is developed when many tributarie s join the main river at right angle s and the hard and the soft rock exist parallel to each other.   3.Rectangular : It develops on the strongly jointed rocky terrain which are resistant to erosion. Such rocks have joints at right angles which can be eroded. The joints are cracked opened by erosion , and hence , the streams of rivers develop along these joints. 4. Radial: When the streams of a river flow in different directions from a central peak or a dome - like structure, the radial drainage pattern is developed

The Importance of Agriculture For decades, agriculture has been associated with the production of essential food crops. At present, agriculture above and beyond farming includes forestry, dairy, fruit cultivation, poultry, bee keeping, mushroom, arbitrary, etc.Agriculture plays a critical role in the entire life of an economy. Agriculture is the backbone of the economic system of a country. In addition to providing food and raw material, agriculture also provides employment opportunities to very large percentage of the population.  Below are the importances of agriculture:  Source of Livelihood The main source livelihood of many people is agriculture. Approximately 49 % of the people directly rely on agriculture as a mean of living.   Contribution to National revenue Agriculture is the main source of national income for most developing countries.  Supply of Food as well as Fodder Agricultural sector provides fodder for domestic anima...

                                          Course of River Rivers are the most important agents of degradation.                                          Work of the river depends on several factors: – The volume of Water.  The slope of river beds.  Nature of underlying rock structure  Availability of rainfall  Nature of vegetation cover Common features formed by the river while flowing through mountains(Upper Course):   (a) ‘V’ shaped valleys. (b) Gorges or Canyons (deep valleys). (c) Waterfalls   Common features formed by the river while fl...

Organised sector 1. This include all those places which are registered by government and follows all rules and regulations framed by the govt for the protection of workers. eg:- Indian Railways, Indian airlines  2.In this sector jobs are permanent hence employ enjoy job security.  3. In this sector employ get monthly salary after the end of every month.  4.Apart from monthly salary employees also get number of benefits like payment of Gratuity, pension,provident fund.  5. In this sector employs have to work only for few number of hours if they do work extra they got overtime. Unorganised Sector 1. It includes small and scattered units which are not registered by the govt and not follows any rules and regulations 2.. In this sector jobs are temporary, hence workers may ask to leave job any time without any reasons. 3.  In this sector workers get daily wages. 4 Apart from daily wages workers does not get any other benefits. 5. In this sector workers ha...

Multipurpose River Valley Projects Dams were traditionally built to impound rivers and rainwater that could be used later to irrigate agricultural fields. Today, dams are built not just for irrigation but for: electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation, fish breeding etc. Hence dams are now referred to as multipurpose projects where the many uses of the impounded water are integrated with one another.  LIST OF MULTI PURPOSE RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS OF INDIA Bhakhra Nangal Project Hirakud Project Narmada Sagar Project Rana Pratap Sagar Project Salal Project Rihand Project Naraura Barrage Tehri Project Krishnaraja Sagar Mettur Project Gandhi Sagar Project Kota Barrage Tilaiya Project Panchet Project Maithan Project Periyar Project Tungavbhadra Project Pravara Project Koyna Project (Note: Locate and label the above given topics on the political map of india w...

The following measures can be taken to increase employment  (i) Improve irrigation facilities, so that farmers harvest two or three crops in a year. Thus, more people can be employed. (ii) More dams should be built on rivers, so that more water can be provided to small farmers to increase the number of crops grown annually. (iii) Provide better roads and improve transportation and storage, which will benefit small farmers and many people will be employed in these sectors. (iv) Honey collection centers and vegetable and fruit processing units should be set-up in different parts of the country as per the specialization of the region (v) More cottage industries and services should be promoted in rural areas with soft loans and marketing support. (vi) Small and marginal farmers should be supported to organize production through providing credits at reasonable rates

Rising Importance of Tertiary sector In these years tertiary sector is gaining importance in India this is because of following reasons. India is a developing country thus the Provision of basic services such as health, education, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations, defence, transportation, banks, insurance companies is done by government only. Rapid growth in agriculture and industrial sector increased the demand for support services such as transportation, banking, storage, trade. With increased income people started enjoying better life such as by eating out, tourism, shopping, professional training etc. Development in information and communication services created the need in people’s lives. However the growth in tertiary sector is not equitable this is because the skilled workers in this sector earns a very high income while most peoples are semiskilled and unskilled hence they have very lo...

Course of a River: 1. Rivers are the most important agents of degradation. 2. Work of the river depends on two factors: - (a) The volume of Water. (b) Slope of river beds. 3. Common features formed by river while flowing through mountains: - (a) 'I' & 'V' shaped valleys. (b) Gorges or Canyons (deep valleys). (c) Waterfalls, etc. 4. Common features formed by river while flowing through plains: - (a) Meanders(curves & large bends or loops) (b) Oxbow Lakes (c) Flood Plains (d) Levees (slightly raised river banks) 5. Common features formed by river when it reaches near the sea: - (a) River breakup into various streams called 'distributaries'. (b) Delta (c) Estuaries